MS differential diagnosis11 14 15 18 31 105–107
MS presentation | Clinical course | MRI findings |
Optic neuritis
| Relapsing-remitting
| Small vessel disease Migraine CADASIL Susac Syndrome ADEM NMOSD Vasculitis and Inflammatory
CPM PRES Wernicke B12 deficiency Mitochondrial disorders Adult-onset leukodystrophies Neoplasm |
*Syphilis, Lyme, HIV, Bartonella henselae, neurocysticercosis, TB.
†AION, PION, GCA diabetic retinopathy, Susac syndrome, vascular malformations.
‡Infections—syphilis, listeria, Lyme, Whipple’s, TB, viral.
§Syphilis, Lyme, TB, HIV, HTLV.
¶Ischemia, AVM.
**PML, HIV, Lyme, Whipple’s, neurosyphilis, cysticercosis, toxoplasmosis.
††B12 deficiency, methanol, ethambutol, ethylene glycol.
ADEM, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; AION, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AV, arteriovenous; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; CADASIL, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy; CPM, central pontine myelinolysis; CLIPPERS, chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids; CRION, chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy; GBS, Guillain-Barre syndrome; GCA, giant cell arteritis; HTLV, human T-lymphotropic virus; LHON, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy; NMOSD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; NO, nitrous oxide; PION, posterior ischemic optic neuropathy; PLS, primary lateral sclerosis; PRES, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; TB, tuberculosis.